tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10171290918380289582024-03-13T19:38:59.476-07:00Pembelajaran IPSPembelajaran IPShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15200886044501853129noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1017129091838028958.post-14632113981909241762010-10-08T17:50:00.000-07:002010-10-08T17:50:03.752-07:00sejarah Hindu budha<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 36.85pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dilihat dari peran bangsa Indonesia dalam proses masuknya agama dan budaya dari India maka dapat dipilah menjadi 2 kemungkinan teori, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; tab-stops: 59.55pt 82.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bangsa Indonesia bersikap pasif</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teori ini mengatakan bahwa bangsa Indonesia hanya sebagai penerima kebudayaan India.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; tab-stops: 59.55pt 82.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bangsa Indonesia bersikap aktif</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teori ini mengatakan bahwa bangsa Indonesia aktif berperan mencari dan mengembangkan kebudayaan India.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ada pendapat yang mengatakan masuknya agama dan kebudayaan Budha di Indonesia pada awal abad ke-2 masehi dengan bukti ditemukannya patung Budha dari perunggu yang berlanggam Amarawati di Jember Jawa Timur dan Sulawesi Selatan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk proses masuknya agama dan budaya Hindu (Hinduisasi) ada beberapa teori yang membahas masalah proses masuk dan berkembangnya pengaruh India ke Indonesia, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teori Brahmana</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut teori ini pembawa agama Hindu Budha adalah kaum Brahmana. Pencetus teori Brahmana : Van Leur, F.D.K Bosch.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teori Ksatria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut teori ini pembawa agama Hindu Budha adalah para ksatria/kaum prajurit. Pencetus teori Ksatria : Mukerji dan Nila Kantha Sastri, Nehru dan R.C. Majumdar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teori Waisya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut teori ini pembawa agama Hindu Budha adalah para pedagang. Pencetus teori ini : N.Y. Krom dan G. Coedes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teori Avonturir</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut teori ini pembawa agama Hindu Budha adalah para petualang/ksatria penyamun. Pencetus teori Avonturir : C.C. Berg</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teori Nasional</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut teori ini, bangsa Indonesia datang ke India dan pulang membawa budaya India. Dari berbagai teori tersebut, tampak teori ksatria sulit dibuktikan kaarena tidak ditemukan berita atau peninggalan daerah bekas taklukan India di Indonesia, sedang teori Waisya sangat memungkinkan mengingat masuknya pengaruh India ke Indonesia tidak lepas dari hubungan dagang. Namun yang tahu tentang seluk beluk agama Hindu Budha adalah kaum Brahmana.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 17pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 17.0pt; text-indent: -17pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perkembangan Agama dan Kebudayaan Hindu Budha di Indonesia</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 17pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Proses interaksi masyarakat diberbagai daerah dengan tradisi Hindu Budha di kepulauan Indonesia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 17pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Masuknya agama dan kebudayaan Hindu Budha dari India ke Indonesia berpengaruh besar terhadap perkembangan kebudayaan Indonesia. Unsur-unsur kebudayaan Hindu Budha tersebut berpadu dengan kebudayaan asli Indonesia (terjadi proses akulturasi budaya dan proses sinkritisme kepercayaan). Jadi bangsa Indonesia tidak mengambil mentah-mentah tapi diolah dulu, hal ini terjadi karena bangsa Indonesia :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 34.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memiliki dasar budaya yang sudah tinggi dan kuat mengakar di masyarakat (10 unsur budaya asli Indonesia dari pendapat Dr. J. Brandes ), yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 59.55pt 212.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem pertanian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 59.55pt 212.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem berlayar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 59.55pt 212.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem pengecoran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 59.55pt 212.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem astronomi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 59.55pt 212.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem kemasyarakatan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 59.55pt 212.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesenian mocopat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 59.55pt 212.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesenian wayang </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 59.55pt 212.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesenian gamelan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 59.55pt 212.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesenian membatik dan menenun </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 59.55pt 212.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 90%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem perdagangan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 34.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memiliki kecakapan pribadi sehingga mampu mengolah unsur-unsur budaya asing disesuaikan dengan budaya asli disebut local genius.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 17pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jadi masuknya agama dan kebudayaan Hindu Budha ditambah dengan kemauan menerima dan kemampuan mengolah budaya asing dari bangsa Indonesia, maka tradisi-tradisi Hindu Budha mengalami perkembangan yang pesat, yang berpengaruh di segala aspek kehidupan seperti :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 36.85pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 36.85pt list 90.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada bidang kepercayaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 36.85pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tradisi Hindu Budha bersinkritisme dengan tradisi-tradisi kepercayaan yang dimiliki Bangsa Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 36.85pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 36.85pt list 90.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bidang sosial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 36.85pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Begitu masuk dan berkembang agama dan budaya Hindu Budha, maka tradisi sosial mengalami perubahan yaitu dilaksanakannya sistem kasta dalam stratifikasi masyarakat dimana masa sebelumnya tidak dikenal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 36.85pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 36.85pt list 90.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bidang pemerintahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 36.85pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tradisi kepemimpinan dalam masyarakat Indonesia yang sudah terbentuk dengan sistem yang disebut Primus Interpares, dalam kelompok-kelompok masyarakat mulai berubah ke sistem kerajaan, pola kepemimpinan secara turun-temurun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 36.85pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lebih kongkritnya pengaruh masuknya agama dan kebudayaan Hindu Budha di Indonesia terhadap budaya, tradisi di Indonesia di bahas sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoHeading8" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 36.85pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dampak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masuknya Agama dan Kebudayaan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hindu Budha di Indonesia</span></em></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bidang arsitektur </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 77.55pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 77.55pt list 83.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Candi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 77.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terdiri dari unsur Indonesia, yaitu Punden Berundak, sedang unsur India adalah Stupa. Kata Candi berasal dari “Candika” salah satu nama untuk Durga sebagai Dewi maut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 77.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bagian Candi terdiri dari 3 bagian : kaki candi, tubuh candi,kaki candi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 77.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bangunan candi di Indonesia yang bercorak Hindia : Prambanan, Sambisari, Ratu Boko, Gedung Songo, Dieng, Sukuh, kidal, Jago, Singosari, Panataran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 77.55pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 77.55pt list 83.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yupa dari Kutai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 77.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Unsur Indonesia asli adalah Menhir, sedang unsur India Prasasti pada tiang untuk menambatkan binatang kurban.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 77.55pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 77.55pt list 83.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lingga dan Yoni (lambang kesuburan)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 77.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Unsur India adalah Lingga Yoni sedang unsur Indonesia asli adalah Alu dan Lumpang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bangunan candi di Indonesia yang bercorak Budha, antara lain Candi Borobudur, Candi Mendut, Candi Pawon, Candi Kalasan, Candi Sewu, Candi Sari, dan Candi Muara Takus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Beberapa peninggalan lain di Indoensia yang menyerupai candi, antara lain sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 80.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Patirtaan atau pemandian, misalnya di Jolotundo dan Belahan di Lereng Gunung Penanggungan; Candi Tikus di Trowulan, Jawa Timur; Gua Gajah di Gianyar, Bali.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 80.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Candi Padas di Gunung Kawi Tampaksiring Bali terdapat sepuluh candi dipahatkan seperti relief di tebing-tebing pada <i>Pakerisan</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 80.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gapura yang berbentuk seperti candi. Bagian tubuh gapura terdapat pintu keluar masuk. Misalnya, Candi Plumbangan, Candi Bajang Ratu, dan Candi Jedong.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 80.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Candi Bentar merupakan jenis gapura berbentuk seperti candi yang dibelah dua sebagai jalan keluar-masuk. Misalnya, Candi Wringin Lawang dan Candi Bentar di Penataran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bidang seni rupa dan seni ukir</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bisa dilihat pada relief yang dipahatkan pada dinding candi :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Misal :<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada dinding langkan Candi Borobudur dipahatkan riwayat Sang Budha.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada dinding Candi Prambanan dipahatkan cerita Ramayana.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Beberapa candi memiliki relief yang melukiskan suatu cerita yang diambil dari kitab kesusastraan. Relief candi di Jawa Timur bergaya wayang (gepeng). Relief Jawa Tengah bergaya naturalis dengan lekukan-lekukan yang dalam. Pada masa Kerajaan Majapahit relief candi memberi latar belakang pemandangan tentang kesan tiga dimensi. Relief cerita pada candi yang terpenting, antara lain sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Relief Candi Lara Jonggrang menceritakan kisah <i>Ramayana </i>dan <i>Kresnayana</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Relief Candi Borobudur menceritakan <i>Karmawibhangga</i> yang menggambarkan perbuatan manusia dan hukum-hukumnya sesuai dengan <i>Gandawyuha </i>(Sudhana mencari ilmu).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Relief candi di Jawa Timur menceritakan <i>Kresnayana, Partayana, Kunjarakarna </i>(Candi Jago dan Penataran), dan Sudamala (Candi Tigawangi dan Candi Sukuh).</span></div><div class="MsoHeading8" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><strong><em>Seni patung.</em></strong></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Disamping relief juga terdapat patung (arca)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bangunan candi pada umumnya juga banyak dihiasi dengan patung atau arca. Patung tersebut biasanya berbentuk arca dewa sebagai lambang orang yang sudah meninggal. Seni patung yang diilhami oleh kebudayaan Hindu juga menghasilkan karya yang indah, baik yang ditemukan di Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, maupun daerah lainnya. Misalnya, di Candi Prambanan terdapat <i>Patung Lara Jonggrang</i>, di Jawa Timur (museum di Mojokerto) terdapat sejumlah patung, di antaranya yang terindah ialah <i>Patung Airlangga</i> sebagai Wisnu naik garuda dan <i>Patung Ken Dedes</i>. Sementara itu, patung dewa yang dihasilkan, antara lain Patung Dewa Syiwa, Patung Dewa Brahma, Patung Dewa Wisnu, Patung Durga, Patung Ganesha, Patung Kuwera, dan Patung Hariti. Dalam agama Budha juga dikenal patung Dhyani Budha dan Patung Bodhisatwa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bidang aksara dan seni sastra (Prosa, Tembang, Puisi)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aksara yang masuk ke Indonesia adalah huruf Pallawa dan huruf pranagari (untuk jenis huruf ini kurang berkembang di masyarakat)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berdasarkan isinya kesusastraan dibagi tiga kelompok, yakni ;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 77.55pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 77.55pt list 83.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tutur (pitutur : kitab keagamaan)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 77.55pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 77.55pt list 83.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kitab Hukum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 77.55pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 77.55pt list 83.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Wiracarita (cerita kepahlawanan)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 95%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Karya sastra India yang sangat besar pengaruhnya terhadap sastra Indonesia adalah Kitab Mahabharata dan Kitab Ramayana. Dari kedua karya ini akhirnya di Indonesia muncul karangan yang ceritanya bersumber dari suatu peristiwa dalam kitab tersebut. Hasil sastra yang muncul di Indonesia pengaruh dari Hindu antara lain :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 95%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.9pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kitab Arjunawiwaha Karangan Empu Kanwa, menceritakan Arjuna bertapa di Indrakila.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 95%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.9pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kitab Smaradhahana Karangan Empu Dharmaja, menceritakan Kamajaya dan Dewi Ratih dari kayangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 95%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.9pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kitab Bharatayudha Karangan Empu Sedah dan Panuluh, menceritakan peperangan Pandawa dan Kurawa gubahan dari kitab Mahabharata.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 95%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.9pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kitab Sumanasantaka Karangan Empu Managuna, menceritakan bidadari Harini yang terkena kutuk, menikah dengan seorang raja, dan melahirkan Dasaratha.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 95%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.9pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kitab Gatutkacasraya Karangan Empu Panuluh, menceritakan perkawinan Abimanyu dengan Siti Sundari atas bantuan Gatutkaca.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 95%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.9pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kitab Hariwangsa Karangan Empu Panuluh, berisi cerita sama dengan Kresnayana.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kitab Kresnayana Karangan Empu Triguna, menceritkaan pernikahan Kresna dengan Rukmini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 79.4pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kitab Arjuna Wijaya Karangan Empu Tantular, menceritakan Rahwana yang harus tunduk kepada Arjuna Sasrabahu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sedang hasil sastra yang mendapat pengaruh dari budaya Budha adalah <i>kitab Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan </i>yang disusun pada zaman pemerintahan <i>Empu Sindok.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bidang filsafat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penduduk Indonesia sudah sejak masa prasejarah percaya adanya kehidupan sesudah mati yaitu sebagai roh halus. Kehidupan roh halus memiliki kekuatan, oleh sebab itu roh nenek moyang dipuja orang yang masih hidup. Setelah pengaruh India masuk, hal ini tidak punah. Misal :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fungsi candi sebagai makam raja atau penyimpan abu jenazah raja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem pemerintahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Masyarakat Indonesia merupakan kelompok sosial yang telah terorganisasi baik, membentuk suatu kelompok suku, desa yang dipimpin oleh kepala suku. Kepala suku di pilih karena punya kemampuan lebih dibanding yang lain, dan tidak berdasarkan keturunan. Setelah Hindu-Budha masuk maka sistem organisasi sosial tersebut berubah menjadi kerajaan dan konsep pemimpin juga berubah dari kepala suku menjadi raja yang memerintah secara turun temurun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Konsep pemimpin yang berkembang dalam masyarakat adalah bahwa “raja itu keturunan dewa” bahkan sebagai penjelmaan dewa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh terlihat pada masa pemerintahan Raja Purnawarman di Tarumanegara. Untuk memperkuat kedudukan dan kekuasaannya, raja membuat Prasasti Ciaruteun. Wujud prasasti itu berupa sepasang tapak kaki di atas sebuah batu kali dengan beberapa keterangan. Sepasang tapak kaki yang dipahatkan milik Raja Purnawarman itu diidentikkan dengan tapak kaki Dewa Wisnu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dalam struktur birokrasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditiap-tiap kerajaan terdapat perbedaan, hal ini disebabkan adanya pengaruh lingkungan dan tradisi masyarakat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem kepercayaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Setelah masuk dan berkembanganya agama Hindu Budha maka terjadi pula akulturasi kepercayaan pada masa prasejarah kepercayaan utama masyarakat Indonesia adalah pemujaan roh nenek moyang dengan sarana pemujaan berupa Menhir, Dolmen, dan Punden Berundak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem kalender</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada zaman prasejarah masyarakat Indonesia telah mengenal Astronomi yang digunakan untuk kepentingan praktis, misalnya untuk menentukakn letak bintang sehingga tahu arah angin pada waktu berlayar dan kapan mengadakan kegiatan pertanian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Akulturasi pada sistem kalender terlihat pada penggunaan tahun “saka” dan adanya “Candrasengkala” (Angka, huruf berupa susunan kalimat atau gambaran kata). Misalnya : Sirna Ilang Kertaning Bumi = 1400 tahun saka/1478 M.</span></div>Pembelajaran IPShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15200886044501853129noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1017129091838028958.post-90588220050787492010-09-13T09:25:00.000-07:002010-09-13T09:49:07.558-07:00Pembelajaran IPSOleh : AKIF BUDIMAN, M.Pd.<br />
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Pelajaran IPS merupakan pelajaran yang menggabungkan berbagai disiplin ilmu-ilmu sosial seperti ilmu sejarah, geografi, sosiologi, antropologi. Ilmu-ilmu sosial tersebut digunakan sebagai satu-kesatuan yang utuh, tidak terkotak-kotak dalam menganalisis suatu gejala sosial yang ada di masyarakat. Pembelajaran IPS selama ini yang terjadi adalah pembelajaran Ilmu-ilmu sosial secara terpisah. Paradigma ini harus diluruskan, bahwa pembelajaran IPS bukanlah pembelajaran Ilmu-ilmu sosial secara terpisah melainkan menyatukan ilmu-ilmu sosial secara utuh untuk menganalisis segala permasalahan sosial yang ada di masyarakat.Pembelajaran IPShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15200886044501853129noreply@blogger.com0